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Maslow a H (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation Psychological Review 50(4) 370ã¢â‚¬â€œ396 in Mla

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Theory of developmental psychology

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often represented equally a pyramid, with the more than basic needs at the bottom[1] [2]

Maslow'due south bureaucracy of needs is an idea in psychology proposed by American Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Homo Motivation" in the journal Psychological Review.[three] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate marvel. His theories parallel many other theories of homo developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. He then created a classification system which reflected the universal needs of social club equally its base and and so proceeding to more acquired emotions.[iv] Some ethnic academics have speculated that his theories, including the hierarchy, may have been influenced by teachings and philosophy of the Blackfeet tribe, where he spent several weeks doing fieldwork in 1938;[v] [six] however, while this idea has gained attention on social media, there is no testify to suggest he borrowed or stole ideas for his hierarchy of needs, which he only commencement published in 1943.[vii] [8] The hierarchy of needs is split between deficiency needs and growth needs. While the theory is normally shown equally a pyramid in illustrations, Maslow himself never created a pyramid to represent the hierarchy of needs.[7] [eight]

The hierarchy of needs is a psychological thought merely also a "... valuable assessment tool ...."[9] This tool is utilized in many fields that involve working and taking care of people such every bit but not limited to: health care workers, educators, social workers, life skill coaches, and many more. Maslow's bureaucracy pyramid is frequently used considering it visualizes the needs that ane must have met in order to reach self-actualization. This concept was created as Maslow "studied and observed monkeys ... noticing their unusual blueprint of behavior that addressed priorities based on individual needs."[nine] The two cardinal elements involved within this theory is the individual and the priority, which connects them to intrinsic behavioral motivation.

Maslow'south hierarchy of needs is used to report how humans intrinsically partake in behavioral motivation. Maslow used the terms "physiological," "safety," "belonging and love," "social needs" or "esteem," "self-appearing" and "transcendence" to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally motion. This means that in order for motivation to arise at the side by side stage, each phase must be satisfied within the individual themselves. Additionally, this hierarchy is a chief base of operations in knowing how effort and motivation are correlated when discussing human beliefs. Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must exist met in order for an individual to consummate their hierarchy.[iv] The goal in Maslow'southward hierarchy is to attain the 5th level or phase: cocky-actualization.[ten]

Maslow'southward idea was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality. [xi] The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, including direction training[12] and higher psychology instruction. Maslow's classification hierarchy has been revised over time. The original bureaucracy states that a lower level must exist completely satisfied and fulfilled before moving onto a college pursuit. Withal, today scholars adopt to call back of these levels equally continuously overlapping each other. This means that the lower levels may take precedence dorsum over the other levels at any point in fourth dimension.[4]

Stages [edit]

Alternative analogy equally a dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of unlike needs at the same fourth dimension

Simplified hierarchy of needs

Maslow'due south hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest, nearly fundamental needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization and transcendence at the summit. In other words, the idea is that individuals' most basic needs must be met earlier they become motivated to reach higher-level needs.[1] [13] However, it has been pointed out that, although the ideas behind the hierarchy are Maslow's, the pyramid itself does not exist anywhere in Maslow'southward original work.[xiv]

The virtually primal four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and honey, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are non met – except for the nearly primal (physiological) need – there may non be a physical indication, only the private will feel anxious and tense. Deprivation is what causes deficiency, so when one has unmet needs, this motivates them to fulfill what they are being denied.[2] Maslow's idea suggests that the almost basic level of needs must exist met earlier the individual volition strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher-level needs. Maslow also coined the term "metamotivation" to describe the motivation of people who go across the scope of the basic needs and strive for abiding betterment.[15]

The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same fourth dimension, thus many different motivations from diverse levels of Maslow'due south hierarchy can occur at the same fourth dimension. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such equally "relative," "general," and "primarily." Instead of stating that the private focuses on a certain demand at whatever given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[11] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the man mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to exist met.[16]

Physiological needs [edit]

Physiological needs are the base of operations of the hierarchy. These needs are the biological component for human survival. According to Maslow'south hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are factored in internal motivation. According to Maslow'due south theory, humans are compelled to satisfy physiological needs first in club to pursue higher levels of intrinsic satisfaction.[3] In order to advance higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy, physiological needs must be met showtime. This means that if a person is struggling to meet their physiological needs, they are unwilling to seek safety, belonging, esteem, and cocky-actualization on their own.

Physiological needs include:

  • Air
  • Water
  • Nutrient
  • Sexual intercourse
  • Slumber
  • Clothes
  • Shelter[2]

These physiological needs must be met in order for the homo body to remain in homeostasis. Air, for example, is a physiological demand; a human being being requires air more urgently than college-level needs, such as a sense of social belonging. Physiological needs are critical in gild to "... meet the very basic essentials of life ..."[nine] This allows for cravings such equally hunger and thirst to exist satisfied and not disrupt regulation of the torso.

Rubber needs [edit]

Once a person's physiological needs are satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absenteeism of physical safety – due to state of war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. and/or in the absenteeism of economic prophylactic – (due to an economic crunch and lack of piece of work opportunities) these rubber needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for task security, grievance procedures for protecting the private from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more than likely to predominate in children as they by and large have a greater need to experience safe - especially children that have disabilities.[17] Adults are as well impacted past this, typically in economic matters, "... adults are not allowed to the need of condom."[nine] It includes shelter, chore security, health, and safety environments. If a person does not feel safe in an environment, they will seek safety earlier attempting to run across whatsoever higher level of survival. This is why the "... goal of consistently meeting the need for prophylactic is to accept stability in i's life,"[9] stability brings back the concept of homeostasis for humans which our bodies need.

Safe needs include:

  • Wellness
  • Personal security
  • Emotional security
  • Financial security

Dear and social belonging needs [edit]

Subsequently physiological and prophylactic needs are fulfilled, the third level of man needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. Co-ordinate to Maslow, humans possess an effective need for a sense of belonging and credence amid social groups, regardless of whether these groups are big or small; beingness a part of a group is crucial, regardless if it is work, sports, friends or family.[ii] The sense of belongingness is "being comfortable with and connection to others that results from receiving credence, respect, and beloved."[17] For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, and online communities. Some examples of modest social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and not-sexually – past others.[3] Many people get susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical low in the absenteeism of this dear or belonging element. This need is especially potent in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies due to hospitalism, fail, shunning, ostracism, etc. can adversely touch the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in full general. Mental health can be a huge factor when it comes to an individual'due south needs and evolution. When an individual's needs are not met, information technology can crusade depression during adolescence. When an individual grows up in a higher-income family, it is much more probable that they volition have a lower rate of depression. This is because all of their basic needs are met. Studies take shown that when a family goes through fiscal stress for a prolonged amount of time, depression rates are higher, non only considering their bones needs are non being met, but considering this stress puts a strain on the parent-child relationship. The parent(s) is stressed about providing for their children, and they are also probable to spend less fourth dimension at abode because they are working more to make more coin and provide for their family unit.[18]

Social belonging needs include:

  • Family
  • Friendship
  • Intimacy
  • Trust
  • Acceptance
  • Receiving and giving dearest and affection

This demand for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure. In contrast, for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the demand for belonging; and for others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.[nineteen]

Esteem needs [edit]

Esteem is the respect and adoration of a person, but also "... self-respect and respect from others."[17] About people have a demand for a stable esteem, meaning which is soundly based on real capacity or accomplishment. Maslow noted 2 versions of esteem needs. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others, and may include a demand for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "college" version of esteem is the need for cocky-respect, and can include a need for strength, competence,[4] mastery, cocky-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes guidelines, the "hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated."[11] This ways that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.

Esteem comes from 24-hour interval to twenty-four hours experiences, that provide a learning opportunity which allows the states to find ourselves. This is incredibly of import inside children, which is why giving them "... the opportunity to detect they are competent and capable learners."[17] In gild to boost this adults must provide opportunities for children to have successful and positive experiences to give children a greater "... sense of self."[17] Adults, peculiarly parents and educators must create and ensure an environment for children that is supportive and provides them with opportunities that "helps children see themselves as respectable, capable individuals." Information technology tin can also be plant that "Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children ... and precedes existent cocky-esteem or dignity,"[2] which reflects the two aspects of esteem: for oneself and for others.

Extended Hierarchy of Needs [edit]

Cognitive needs [edit]

After esteem needs, cerebral needs come adjacent in the hierarchy of needs. People have cognitive needs such every bit creativity, foresight, curiosity, and pregnant. Individuals who enjoy activities that crave deliberation and brainstorming take a greater need for cognition. Individuals who are unmotivated to participate in the activity, on the other hand, have a low demand for cognitive abilities.[20] It has been said that Maslow's hierarchy of needs tin be extended after esteem needs into 2 more than categories: cerebral needs and artful needs. Cerebral needs crave meaning, information, comprehension and curiosity - this creates a will to acquire and attain knowledge.[ii] From an educational viewpoint, Maslow wanted humans to have intrinsic motivation to go educated people.

Aesthetic needs [edit]

Afterwards reaching ones cognitive needs it would progress to aesthetic needs, to beautify ones life. This would consist of having the power to appreciate the beauty within the world around ones cocky, on a day to day basis.[2] According to Maslow'southward theories, in order to progress toward Self-Appearing, humans require beautiful imagery or novel and aesthetically pleasing experiences. Humans must immerse themselves in nature's splendor while paying shut attention to and observing their surroundings in order to extract the world's beauty. This higher level demand to connect with nature results in an endearing sense of intimacy with nature and all that is endearing.[2] After reaching ones cognitive needs it would progress to aesthetic needs, to beautify oneself. This would consist of improving ones physical appearance to ensure its beauty to remainder the rest of the torso.[2]

Self-actualization [edit]

"What a man can be, he must be."[eleven] : 91 This quotation forms the footing of the perceived demand for self-actualization. This level of need refers to the realization of one's full potential. Maslow describes this every bit the desire to reach everything that one can, to become the most that 1 can be.[xi] : 92 People may have a strong, particular desire to become an ideal parent, succeed athletically, or create paintings, pictures, or inventions.[xi] : 93 To sympathise this level of need, a person must not only succeed in the previous needs but master them. Self-actualization tin can be described as a value-based organisation when discussing its role in motivation. Self-appearing is understood as the goal or explicit motive, and the previous stages in Maslow's hierarchy autumn in line to become the step-by-step process by which cocky-actualization is achievable; an explicit motive is the objective of a reward-based organisation that is used to intrinsically drive completion of sure values or goals.[4] Individuals who are motivated to pursue this goal seek and sympathize how their needs, relationships, and sense of self are expressed through their behavior. Cocky-actualization needs include:[4]

  • Partner acquisition
  • Parenting
  • Utilizing and developing talents and abilities
  • Pursuing goals

Transcendence needs [edit]

Maslow later subdivided the triangle'southward top to include self-transcendence, as well known as spiritual needs. Spiritual needs differ from other types of needs in that they tin exist met on multiple levels. When this need is met, it produces feelings of integrity and raises things to a higher plane of beingness.[21] In his later years, Maslow explored a farther dimension of motivation, while criticizing his original vision of self-appearing.[22] [23] [24] [25] Past these after ideas, one finds the fullest realization in giving oneself to something beyond oneself—for example, in altruism or spirituality. He equated this with the desire to reach the space.[26] "Transcendence refers to the very highest and nigh inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness, behaving and relating, as ends rather than means, to oneself, to significant others, to human beings in full general, to other species, to nature, and to the creation."[27]

Criticism [edit]

Maslow's bureaucracy of needs has widespread influence exterior academia, perhaps because it explains things "that most humans immediately recognize in themselves and others."[28] Still, academically, Maslow's idea is heavily contested. Although recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, also as shared ordering of the way in which people seek and satisfy needs, the verbal hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question.[29] [thirty]

Methodology [edit]

Maslow studied what he chosen the master race of people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the report of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield but a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[11] : 236 Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the higher student population.[31]

Ranking [edit]

Global ranking [edit]

In their extensive review of inquiry based on Maslow's hierarchy, Wahba and Bridwell constitute trivial show for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the being of a definite bureaucracy at all.[32]Wahba and Bridwell go on to say longitudinal data does not support Maslow's theory also as cross sectional studies due to numerous bug with measures and control.[32]

The society in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[33] In turn, Hofstede'southward work has been criticized by others.[34] Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the cocky, with cocky-actualization being the noon of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community volition outweigh the needs for liberty and individuality.[35]

Ranking of sex activity [edit]

The position and value of sexual practice on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the needs category (in a higher place) along with food and breathing; it lists sexual activity solely from an individualistic perspective. For case, sex activity is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics experience this placement of sexual practice neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sexual practice within the community, although others point out that this is truthful of all of the basic needs.[36] [37] In addition and in stark contrast to the other listed needs, it is articulate that sex is not a universal need. This is evident in children, and even adults can cull to become their entire life without it even so still can obtain higher needs. The same cannot be said for the other listed needs.

Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance [edit]

The higher-society (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-society (physiological, safety, and love) needs nomenclature of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is non universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country.

In one study,[38] exploratory gene analysis (EFA) of a thirteen-item calibration showed there were two peculiarly of import levels of needs in the United states during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and cocky-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and nerveless during the Persian Gulf War and U.s.a. citizens were asked to call up the importance of needs from the previous twelvemonth. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and guess the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle E (Arab republic of egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These 3 levels were completely different from those of the US citizens.

Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the U.s. vs. the Eye Due east). For the US citizens, at that place was only ane level of needs, since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US in that location were iii levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and cocky-actualization). During the state of war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into ii independent needs, while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle E, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime.[39] [40]

A written report of ordering of needs in Asia constitute differences between the ordering of lower and college order needs. For instance, community (related to belongingness and considered a lower order demand in Maslow's bureaucracy) was found to be the highest club need across Asia, followed closely by self-acceptance and growth.[41]

A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across historic period groups.[42] A survey asked participants of varying ages to charge per unit a set number of statements from most important to to the lowest degree important. The researchers found that children had higher physical demand scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from babyhood to young machismo, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-appearing level, and one-time age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age.

See also [edit]

  • ERG theory, further expands and explains Maslow's theory
  • First World problem reflects on trivial concerns in the context of more pressing needs
  • Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs, Manfred Max-Neef's model
  • Functional prerequisites
  • Homo givens, a theory in psychotherapy that offers descriptions on the nature, needs, and innate attributes of humans
  • Need theory, David McClelland's model
  • Positive disintegration
  • Self-determination theory, Edward L. Deci's and Richard Ryan'southward model

References [edit]

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  42. ^ Goebel, B. L.; Brown, D. R. (1981). "Age differences in motivation related to Maslow'southward demand bureaucracy". Developmental Psychology. 17 (6): 809–815. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.17.half-dozen.809.

Further reading [edit]

  • Heylighen, Francis (1992). "A cognitive-systemic reconstruction of Maslow's theory of self-actualization" (PDF). Behavioral Science. 37 (ane): 39–58. doi:ten.1002/bs.3830370105.
  • Koltko-Rivera, Mark E. (2006). "Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow'southward Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification" (PDF). Review of General Psychology. American Psychological Association. ten (four): 302–317. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.302. S2CID 16046903. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2014-12-24 .
  • Kress, Oliver (1993). "A new arroyo to cognitive evolution: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Knowledge. 2 (four): 319–332.
  • Maslow, Abraham H. (1993) [1971]. "Theory Z". The farther reaches of homo nature . New York: Arkana. pp. 270–286. . Reprinted from Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1969, i (ii): 31–47.

External links [edit]

  • "A Theory of Human Motivation", original 1943 article by Maslow.

thomaspureart1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs

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